Thinking Activity: An Artist of the Floating World

 Hello Monks,

I am Riddhi Bhatt. You know...what is today's blog ?This blog is about Thinking Activity on An Artist of the Floating World by Kazuo Ishiguro. This task is assigned by Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad sir, Head of the English Department of Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Bhavnagar University (MKBU). As a part of the syllabus, students of English department are learning the paper The Twentieth Century Literature: 1900 to World War II (paper-107). So, let’s start making this wonderful blog task. But before we start I want to give short information about what kind of things we see here…

Kazuo Ishiguro’s spare, refined novel An Artist of the Floating World (1986) records how a painter’s life and work became insidiously coarsened by the imperialistic ethos of 1930s Japan. Novelists such as Buchi Emecheta and Ben Okri wrote of postcolonial Africa, as did V.S. Naipaul in his most ambitious novel.Japan following World War II, An Artist of the Floating World (1986) chronicles the life of elderly Masuji Ono, who reviews his past career as a political artist of imperialist propaganda. Ishiguro’s Booker Prize-winning The Remains of the Day (1989; film 1993) is a first-person narrative, the reminiscences of Stevens.A graduate from the University of East Anglia, Ishiguro is one of the most celebrated contemporary fiction authors in English. An Artist of the Floating World, were noted for their explorations of Japanese identity and elegiac tone. Subsequently, he explored other genres, including science fiction and historical fiction. He has received four Man Booker Prize nominations

1. 'Lantern' appears 34 times in the novel. Even on the cover page, the image of lanterns is displayed. What is the significance of Lantern in the novel?

Lantern' appears 34 times in the novel. Even on the cover page, the image of lanterns is displayed. Because Lanterns in the novel are associated with Ono’s teacher Mori-san. They represent the fleeting beauty and warmth of nightlife as well as the transience of the traditional way of life in Japan, which vanishes after the war.For Mori-san, the flickering, easily extinguished quality of lantern light symbolizes the transience of beauty and the importance of giving careful attention to small moments and details in the physical world.

2. Write about 'Masuji Ono as an Unreliable Narrator'?

At the heart of it is an unreliable narrator, Masuji Ono. Once an acclaimed painter, Ono is our guide through post-World War II Japan and its sociopolitical and emotional trauma; felt in extremities like the once-vibrant pleasure districts destroyed by bombings and kids who loved Popeye and Godzilla.The book is a contemplative journey, spread across four time frames: October 1948, April 1949, November 1949 and June 1950. We are introduced to a retired artist of great acclaim, Masuji Ono.

On the one hand, it is a story of generations separated by a massive ideological gulf. On the other, it is about an older man attempting to come to terms with his mistaken philosophies. It is also a historical fiction set in the Japan of limbos; Japan, which has suffered because of its misplaced imperialism, been shattered by bombings and is now critical of the past and every person representing it.

Ono is well-retired with two daughters and grandchildren. However, the irregularity in information can be attributed much more to more unpleasant circumstances than memory failing. As the novel progresses, Ono is revealed to have been a man of controversial associations. An Artist of the Floating World was a delightful, very enlightening experience about a unique world that conventional reading may not expose one to.

Here I am puting a video on this Ono:A Unreliable narrator..

3. Debate on the Uses of Art / Artist (Five perspectives: 1. Art for the sake of art - aesthetic delight, 2. Art for Earning Money / Business purpose, 3. Art for Nationalism / Imperialism - Art for the propaganda of

 Government Power, 4. Art for the Poor / Marxism, and 5. No need of art and artist (Masuji's father's approach):-

The deepest desire of Masuji Ono, protagonist of An Artist of the Floating World, is to be an acclaimed, significant artist. But while Ono is technically adept as a painter, his understanding of the world—and art’s role in it—is unsophisticated. Lacking a strong personal vision for his art and its message.

That art serves no purpose other than to drive the artist into a life of self-absorption and depravity is presented through Ono’s father whose prediction that such a life will befall Ono ironically comes true for a time.The novel further explores the dire consequences which befell artists whose art is viewed as divergent. 

4. What is the relevance of this novel is our times?

An Artist of the Floating World portrays a society that instills the importance of respect and obedience towards elders in the young, but is, nevertheless, defined by intergenerational conflict and distrust. This conflict becomes particularly fierce after the war, as the younger generation heaps blame on the older generation for leading the country down a disastrous path.  Although Ono’s generation seems to have definitively lost in the intergenerational struggle over the country’s values, this can hardly be said to be the end of intergenerational conflict. Instead, the book suggests that the issues at stake will arise over and over again, as a new generation will always come along to challenge the beliefs of those who used to make up the younger generation.

The novel shows intergenerational conflict in a variety of different contexts: between parents and children, teachers and students, and political elites and the young men who are sent to fight when those elites decide to declare war. Ono experiences many of these intergenerational conflicts from both sides. As a young boy.

This all things are happen with us today also. That how some parents said to childen that do this and that.Also we see that  In our time we find the same thing which we see in novel. Self-Perception, and Self-Deception are also we can see in our time.We also faced problem like Family Reputation, Family Secrets, and Familial Loss. 

Thinking Activity: 1984

 Hello Monks,

I am Riddhi Bhatt. You know...what is today's blog ?This blog is about Thinking Activity on 1984(Nineteen Eighty-Four Novel by George Orwell) This task is assigned by Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad sir, Head of the English Department of Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Bhavnagar University (MKBU). As a part of the syllabus, students of English department are learning the paper The Twentieth Century Literature: 1900 to World War II (paper-107). So, let’s start making this wonderful blog task. But before we start I want to give short information about what kind of things we see here…

So first we see brief introduction of George Orwell.George Orwell, pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair, (born June 25, 1903, Motihari, Bengal, India—died January 21, 1950, London, England), English novelist, essayist, and critic famous for his novels Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949), the latter a profound anti-utopian novel that examines the dangers of totalitarian rule.His work is characterized by lucid prose, biting social criticism, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism.

According to his biographer Bernard Crick, Orwell used a pseudonym ‘partly to avoid embarrassing his parents, partly as a hedge against failure, and partly because he disliked the name Eric, which reminded him of a prig in a Victorian boys’ story’.One of the interesting things about his pen name is that he took both the names from different types. 

• George- King George the 5th 
• Orwell-  River Orwell 

Orwell’s  Famous works 

1.  Animal Farm (1945)

2.  Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). 

3.  The Road to Wigan Pier (1937)

4.  Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

1) What is dystopian fiction? Is '1984' dystopian fiction?

Dystopian Fiction :

Dystopia is the opposite of utopia: a state in which the conditions of human life are extremely bad as from deprivation or oppression or terror (or all three). A dystopian society is characterized by human misery in the form of squalor, oppression, disease, overcrowding, environmental destruction, or war. Below is an example of a real dystopia in present-day Syria.

Other real life dystopias include the massive fire destruction in the Western United States due to climate change; and the pandemic raging through authoritarian countries such as India and Brazil.

DYSTOPIAN FICTION DEFINITION :

The dystopian genre imagines worlds or societies where life is extremely bad because of deprivation or oppression or terror, and human society is characterized by human misery, such as squalor, oppression, disease, overcrowding, environmental destruction, or war.

Characteristics of Dystopian Fiction :

Dystopian authors represent social control as wielded by any number of powerful entities, including:

• Corporate
• Religious/Philosophical
• Technological
• Bureaucratic
• Reproductive
• Totalitarianism — defined as total social control over a given population through techniques such as thought police and surveillance — is also a feature of dystopian fiction. It figures prominently in famous dystopian novels such as George Orwell’s 1984, which we investigate further below.

'1984' dystopian fiction:

In 1949, British author and essayist George Orwell wrote of a future where a global despotic power controlled the people of Oceania with surveillance and propaganda. This was "1984.It depicted a dark future where technology exists in the public realm only as a tool for the elite to control society.But while the book is a work of dystopian fiction, some of the technological innovations that it predicted have come true in the 70 years since it was published.

• The Telescreen:

In 1984, telescreens — large TVs which can see into all corners of your house — are located in homes and public spaces of Oceania, and are used to transmit messages from the party and monitor civilian activity.Telescreens can identify people, notice when their facial expressions change, or whether their heart or breathing gets faster.

• Speakwrite :

Winston Smith, 1984's protagonist, uses Speakwrite in his job as a copy-writer in the Records section of the Ministry of Truth, part of the dark ruling party INGSOC.It's a kind of recording device which, when spoken into, coverts speech into text on the telescreen.

2) your learning about the novel from online screening of the film.

The novel 1984 by George Orwell is one of the interesting novel and we also did a screening of this novel. Screening helps us to understand lots of things.In this work screening helps to understand such a situation of dystopian society. How people were brainwashed and how everyone obeyed particular parties it’s clear to mind. It throws light on so many things. Whatever we see is more memorable than we watch.

3) What according to you is the central theme of this novel?

Totalitarianism :

Totalitarianism is one of the major themes of the novel, 1984. It presents the type of government where even the head of the government is unknown to the public. This theme serves as a warning to the people because such regime unleashes propaganda to make people believe in the lies presented by the government. Throughout the novel, there is no proof of Big Brother’s existence in Oceania. The Party exercises complete control not only on the sexual lives of their citizens such as Julia’s and Winston Smith but also on their thoughts, feelings and even writing a diary. The overall monitoring and surveillance of the people through telescreens and subversion of history through the Ministry of Truth are some of the common casualties of such regimes. The third casualty of the totalitarianism is the truth through language. This happens in the shape of mottos such as “War is Peace.”

Loss of Identity and Independence :

Totalitarian governments often adopt strategies that make people lose identities and independence so that the citizen will not question the supremacy of the governing class. Thus, proving that totalitarianism, which is one of its major themes in the novel has ripped people of their own personality. The uniformity in food, clothes and what the people hear and absorb in 1984 shows that the Party and its supposed head, Big Brother, are engaged in erasing the individualities and identities. Winston Smith’s feeling of criminality in writing his dairy is a dangerous act. The final torture scene when O’Brien confronts Winston to erase his integrity and his significant resistance brings out response from O’Brien. He explains Winston Smith that he is the last man on earth if he is harboring rebellious thoughts. This is an example of how individuality and identity are not tolerated in totalitarian regimes.

4) What do you understand about the term 'Orwellian'?

In this video I clearly understand many things.So let’s star..

The term was named after British author Eric Blair known by his pen name George Orwell. Because his most famous work, the novel "1984," depicts an oppressive society under a totalitarian government, "Orwellian" is often used simply to mean authoritarian. But using the term in this way not only fails to fully convey Orwell's message, it actually risks doing precisely what he tried to warn against.n his essay, "Politics and the English Language," he described techniques like using pretentious words to project authority, or making atrocities sound acceptable by burying them in euphemisms and convoluted sentence structures. But even more mundane abuses of language can affect the way we think about things. The words you see and hear in everyday advertising have been crafted to appeal to you and affect your behavior, as have the soundbites and talking points of political campaigns which rarely present the most nuanced perspective on the issues. And the way that we use ready-made phrases and responses gleaned from media reports or copied from the Internet makes it easy to get away with not thinking too deeply or questioning your assumptions.

So the next time you hear someone use the word Orwellian, pay close attention. If they're talking about the deceptive and manipulative use of language, they're on the right track. If they're talking about mass surveillance and intrusive government, they're describing something authoritarian but not necessarily Orwellian. And if they use it as an all-purpose word for any ideas they dislike, it's possible their statements are more Orwellian than whatever it is they're criticizing. 

Words have the power to shape thought. Language is the currency of politics, forming the basis of society from the most common, everyday interactions to the highest ideals. Orwell urged us to protect our language because ultimately our ability to think and communicate clearly is what stands between us and a world where war is peace and freedom is slavery.

THANK YOU...

Thinking Activity: The Great Gatsby

Hello Monks,

I am Riddhi Bhatt. You know...what is today's blog ?This blog is about Thinking Activity on The Great Gatsby. This task is assigned by Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad sir, Head of the English Department of Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Bhavnagar University (MKBU). As a part of the syllabus, students of English department are learning the paper The Twentieth Century Literature: 1900 to World War II (paper-106). So, let’s start making this wonderful blog task. But before we start I want to give short information about what kind of things we see here…

So first we see brief introduction of F.Scott Fitzgerald. Scott

Fitzgerald was a short story writer and novelist considered one of the pre-eminent authors in the history of American literature due almost entirely to the enormous posthumous success of his third book, The Great Gatsby. Perhaps the quintessential American novel, as well as a definitive social history of the Jazz Age, The Great Gatsby has become required reading for virtually every American high school student and has had a transportive effect on generation after generation of readers.

At the age of 24, the success of his first novel, This Side of Paradise, made Fitzgerald famous. One week later, he married the woman he loved and his muse, Zelda Sayre. However by the end of the 1920s Fitzgerald descended into drinking, and Zelda had a mental breakdown. Following the unsuccessful Tender Is the Night, Fitzgerald moved to Hollywood and became a scriptwriter. He died of a heart attack in 1940, at age 44, his final novel only half completed.

Here I am giving the questions asked by our professor. And yes... also I putting blog link to know more about ‘THE GREAT GATSBY’.

1) How did the film capture the Jazz Age - the Roaring Twenties of America in the 1920s?

Jazz music became wildly popular in the “Roaring Twenties,” a decade that witnessed unprecedented economic growth and prosperity in the United States. Consumer culture flourished, with ever greater numbers of Americans purchasing automobiles, electrical appliances, and other widely available consumer products.Cubed The achievement of material affluence became a goal for many US citizens as well as an object of satire and ridicule for the writers and intellectuals of the Lost Generation.

More than any other author, F. Scott Fitzgerald can be said to have captured the rollicking, tumultuous decade known as the Roaring Twenties, from its wild parties, dancing and illegal drinking to its post-war prosperity and its new freedoms for women.Above all, Fitzgerald’s 1925 novel The Great Gatsby has been hailed as the quintessential portrait of Jazz Age America, inspiring Hollywood adaptations populated by dashing bootleggers and glamorous flappers in short, fringed dresses.

2) How did the film help in understanding the characters of the novel?

This entire film gives a very clear idea about every character.And also give very clear idea about plot and novel.Here I want to interpret some movie scene and also give some differences between novel and movie.

The Great Gatsby is a text written by Nick that is not entirely original with Luhrmann—though the filmmaker takes this much further than Fitzgerald, showing Nick writing by hand, then typing, and finally compiling his finished manuscript. He even titles it, first just Gatsby, then adding, by hand, “The Great,” in a concluding flourish. (Fitzgerald himself went through many more potential titles.) As for that morbid alcoholism, Nick claims in the novel that he’s “been drunk just twice in my life,” but the movie slyly implies that he’s in denial, by showing him cross out “once” for “twice,” and then, in the frame story, suggesting that it was far more than that, really.

3) How did the film help in understanding the symbolic significance of 'The Valley of Ashes', 'The Eyes of Dr. T J Eckleberg' and 'The Green Light'?

• The Green Light:

Nick first sees Gatsby stretching his arms towards a green light at the end of Daisy's dock. Here, the green light is a symbol of hope.After meeting up with Daisy in chapter five, the light ceases to be the emblem it once was:

“the colossal significance of that light had now vanished forever... now it was again a green light on a dock.”

This symbolises the destruction of Gatsby's dream. By the end of chapter seven Gatsby is watching over nothing.Green also has connotations of life, growth and fertility, as in the Dutch sailors' discovery of the "fresh, green breast of the new world", suggesting that hopes and dreams for the future are necessary for life.

• The Eyes of Doctor T. J Eckleburg :

A particular feature of the valley of ashes described at the start of chapter two (see the setting notes for further details) is the faded advertisement portraying a pair of blue and gigantic eyes looking through a pair of enormous spectacles.

The oculist who placed the 'Eyes' there has either gone out of business, or forgot them and moved away, but the huge eyes remain, staring emptily out over the wasteland.Later, in chapter eight, Wilson, although he is not a man with any religious faith, tells his neighbour Michaelis that:

'God sees everything'... Michaelis saw with a shock that he was looking at the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg.

• The Valley of Ashes :

First introduced in Chapter 2, the valley of ashes between West Egg and New York City consists of a long stretch of desolate land created by the dumping of industrial ashes. It represents the moral and social decay that results from the uninhibited pursuit of wealth, as the rich indulge themselves with regard for nothing but their own pleasure. The valley of ashes also symbolizes the plight of the poor, like George Wilson, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their vitality as a result.

4) How did the film capture the theme of racism and sexism?

In the novel, The Great Gatsby, the discourse of racism is unveiled through the voice of the old millionaire Tom Buchanan. Tom Buchanan tolerates racist ideology. His speechreveals the truth of the 1920s. From Foucault’s perspective, Tom Buchanan is a “parrhesiates” who “opens his heart and mind completely to other people through his discourse”Tom Buchanan advances racist remarks.While in New York with Jay Gatsby, Tom’s opinion about race is revealed through his speech with Daisy Buchanan; “Nowadays people begin by sneering at family life and familyinstitutions, and next they'll throw everything overboard and have intermarriage between black and white” (136). He disapproves of the intermarriage of races. Gatsby is “Mr Nobody from Nowhere”, and therefore, he constitutes a danger to the aristocracy (136). Even though Gatsby acquired wealth, he is still inferior to the old money because of his poor background.

Indeed, Tom’s racism and power constitute a hindrance to Jay Gatsby’s dream of Daisy. Accordingly, power promotes some people’s desires like Tom Buchanan, and at the same time oppresses and confines others and their wishes like Jay Gatsby. The persistence of Jay Gatsby to break the social structure and his endeavor to confront and resist that power lead him to demise. This is when George Wilson acquiesces to Tom’s attest that Gatsby killed Myrtle Wilson. This proves that Tom’s support of power leads George Wilson to accept his assertion without question. Thus, truth, or Parrhesia, should be related to power to be accepted. Furthermore, Fitzgerald does not side with Tom Buchanan and his racist ideology; he argues against Tom Buchanan’s racism and criticizes his infidelity and arrogance.

5) Watch the video on Nick Carraway and discuss him as a narrator.

“In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I've been turning over in my mind ever since. "Whenever you feel like criticizing any one," he told me, "just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had." (1.1-2)Nick Carraway is The Great Gatsby's narrator, but he isn't the protagonist.

This makes Nick himself somewhat tricky to observe, since we see the whole novel through his eyes. How can you watch the narrator? This difficulty is compounded by the fact that Nick is an unreliable narrator—basically, a narrator who doesn't always tell us the truth about what's happening.In this post we will explore what we objectively know about Nick, what he does in the novel, his famous lines, common essay topics/discussion topics about Nick, and finally some FAQs about Mr. Carraway.

Since Nick gives a roughly chronological account of the summer of 1922, we get to see the development of Gatsby from mysterious party-giver to love-struck dreamer to tragic figure (who rose from humble roots and became rich, all in a failed attempt to win over Daisy). If Gatsby was the narrator, it would be harder for Fitzgerald to show that progression, unless Gatsby relayed his life story way out of order, which might have been hard to accomplish from Gatsby's POV.

The novel would have also been a much more straightforward story, probably with less suspense: Gatsby was born poor in South Dakota, became friends with Dan Cody, learned how to act rich, lost Cody's inheritance, fell in love with Daisy, fought in the war, became determined to win her back, turned to crime. In short, Fitzgerald could have told the same story, but it would have had much less suspense and mystery, plus it would have been much harder to relay the aftermath of Gatsby's death. Unless the point of view abruptly switched after Gatsby was shot, the reader would have no idea what exactly happened to Gatsby, what happened to George Wilson, and finally wouldn't be able to see Gatsby's funeral.Plus, with a narrator other than Gatsby himself, it's easier to analyze Gatsby as a character.

THANK YOU.....

Thinking Activity:Northrope Frye's The Archetype of Literature

Hello Monks,

I am Riddhi Bhatt. You know...what is today's blog ?This blog is about Thinking Activity on: Archetypal Criticism. This task is assigned by Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad sir, Head of the English Department of Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavsinhji Bhavnagar University (MKBU). As a part of the syllabus, students of English department are learning the paper called The Literary Theory and Criticism and Indian Poetics(paper-109). So, let’s start friends. But before we start I want to give short information about what kind of things we see here…

So first we see brief introduction of Herman Northrop Frye. Herman Northrop Frye (July 14, 1912–January 23, 1991) was misunderstood for decades as a literary taxonomist or member of the archetypal school of literary criticism. Since the late 1970s his work has been subjected to wide reappraisal, revealing not only that his entire output was the result of a highly personal project but also that a spiritual quest and social mission runs throughout.Frye, these notations providing the most recent primary texts for Frye scholars to dig through for fresh material and insight. Despite his enormous output, Frye tells the same story over and over, of the revelatory and redemptive power of the written word. Frye believed that an education in the humanities was the basis of a democratic society. His “concern and freedom” thesis promotes a stance that is both imaginative and critical; laying between the two extremes of conservatism and radicalism, it promotes thinking beyond the simple reiteration of societal norms and values, without tipping into a potentially hazardous laissez-faire. Politically, Frye can be best described as a left-leaning liberal who, so committed to his belief in the social mission of literary criticism, frequently produced populist and accessible versions of his key ideas to disseminate these to a general audience.

Here I am giving to answer the questions asking by our professor..

1. What is Archetypal of Criticism? What does the Archetypal Critic do?

There are different meanings of Archetypal Criticism.

According to Dictionary - Archetype, (from Greek archetypos, “original pattern”), in literary criticism, a primordial image, character, or pattern of circumstances that recurs throughout literature and thought consistently enough to be considered a universal concept or situation.

Archetypal criticism aims at establishing a unified body of literature by studying the recurrent signs and symbols of literary texts, i.e Archetypes, from which the theory derives its name. In critical study, an archetype denotes all those images, plots, techniques, etc, which are used in literary compositions through the ages and have thus helped in the shaping of the individual's perspective towards literary texts.

2 What is Frye trying to prove by giving an analogy of 'Physics to Nature' and 'Criticism to Literature'.

Northrop Frye has given a very unique idea of Archetypal Criticism by comparing the human emotions or human characteristics with the cycle of seasons.Northrop Frye's Archetypes of Literature, provided a structural study of literature and its recurrent themes, techniques, symbols, etc in order to establish "literature as an organized body of knowledge and to distinguish it from its study i.e criticism". Just as Physics is the study of nature, criticism is the study of literature. However, one can't possibly 'learn literature'. And therefore through this analogy Frye tries to prove that in order to establish literature as an organized body of knowledge, criticism should be treated as a science and subsequently be separated from literature. Hence criticism should be treated as an individual branch of knowledge, just as Physics, and not as a sub topic of literary studies as it is often considered.

• Spring - Comedy
• Summer - Romance
• Autumn - Tragedy
• Winter - Irony & Satire

3. Share your views of criticism as an organised body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with history and philosophy.

It is quite convincing when Frye argues that students often feel a centrifugal force when it comes to criticism because of pseudo propositions and in order to change this, it is necessary for criticism to be established as an body of knowledge. It is often observed that while analysing a work of art, a critic has to rely on either historical evidence and facts, or on philosophical truths.History deals with the events of past and the actions, while Philosophy deals with idea and shows the way to wisdom. Using History and Philosophy both, the writer creates literature. Thus, literature is connected with History and Philosophy. Thus the individuality and potentiality of the literary or artistic work is questioned. Frye points out that in order to establish criticism as an organized and individual field of knowledge, it is necessary for the critic to focus on the work in question, rejecting and ignoring all the other influences in the process. Literature, to a certain extent combines the elements of history and philosophy. It includes ideas as well as facts.

4. Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's scene.

Observation > Theory

Particular     > General

The inductive method, to put it in Frye's words is the process of 'backing up'. In order to come up with a general inference which defines one's argument, one needs to back up from all the particular instances. Let's take the grave digger's scene from Shakespeare's Hamlet into consideration for this explanation.

The closest look on the scene would reveal what Frye calls 'an intricate verbal texture' filled with the puns of the first clown and the reflection of the danse macabre in the Yorick soliloquy of Hamlet. If we take one step back from this position the scene would reveal what the critics like Wilson Knight have argued the scene reflects corruption and decay in the socio-political scenario of the times. One more step back and we will find the dramatic context of the scene i.e the Elizabethan audience's love for sensational scenes. The last step back would reveal the archetype of the Liebestod hero, sacrificing himself for his beloved.

Hamlet represents Archetypal hero who is ready to die for his love.This method moves from “Particular to General”.

5. Briefly explain deductive method reference to an analogy to music, painting, rhythm and pattern. Give examples of the outcome of deductive method.

General > Particular

Theory > Observation

Universal > Specific

Music has rhythm and Painting have pattern. We might not understand music at once and we might understand painting at first look.The deductive method in some sense resembles the application of a theory to analyze a work of art. It is the process of going from particular to general. Frye explains this method through the examples of music and painting. Just as music some arts move in time whereas others move in space like painting. The 'organizing principle', to put in Frye's words, in both the cases is 'recurrence', which, when it comes to temporal arts is called rhythm and for spacial arts is called pattern. Literature, in Frye's opinion seems to intermediate between the temporal and spatial as it combines the elements of both. The rhythm of literature can be the narrative whereas the pattern can be the simultaneous mental grasp of meaning and significance.

6. Refer to the Indian seasonal grid (below). If you can, please read small Gujarati or Hindi or English poem from the archetypal approach and apply Indian seasonal grid in the interpretation.

Religion, and in that case any social institution, relies on literature for promoting and propagating its ideology. In order to reach a large number of people, religion constructs a narrative, which, as time goes on, is documented in the form of a scripture or a "Myth". Now this myth, according to Frye, is the archetype; containing all the recurring socio-culturally accepted symbols of a culture or society. However, because of people's blind faith and sentimental attachment towards religion, they tend to accept the religious narratives as ultimate truths. This is where the literary critic finds a problem. As Frye mentions,"God for the critic, whether he finds him in 'Paradise Lost' or 'The Bible', is a character in a human story; and for the critic all epiphanies are explained, not in terms of the riddle of a possessing god or devil, but as mental phenomena closely associated in their origin with dreams."

people consider them atheistic or 'bad'. Today, among the rising misconceptions as well as misinterpretation of religious texts and narratives, Frye's opinion and idea  on the relationship of literature and religion is crucial to take note of.

It is interesting how Nagarjuna is able to portray the emotions before and after the beginning of the monsoon season. A close look at the poem would reveal how he uses the animal world for both tragic and comic visions of monsoon to put it in Frye's terms. It provides a good example of archetypal usage in the Indian context.

कल और आज – नागार्जुन

अभी कल तक

गालियां देते थे तुम्हें

हताश खेतिहर,

अभी कल तक

धूल में नहाते थे

गौरैयों के झुंड,

अभी कल तक

पथराई हुई थी

धनहर खेतों की माटी,

अभी कल तक

दुबके पड़े थे मेंढक,

उदास बदतंग था आसमान!

और आज

ऊपर ही ऊपर तन गए हैं

तुम्हारे तंबू,

और आज

छमका रही है पावस रानी

बूंदा बूंदियों की अपनी पायल,

और आज

चालू हो गई है

झ्ींगुरों की शहनाई अविराम,

और आज

जोर से कूक पड़े

नाचते थिरकते मोर,

और आज

आ गई वापस जान

दूब की झुलसी शिराओं के अंदर,

और आज

विदा हुआ चुपचाप ग्रीष्म

समेट कर अपने लव लश्कर।

THANK YOU......